Doc. This is the general phone line at the Mississippi River Visitor Center. On June 23, 1866, Congress passed the first postwar River and Harbor Act. James Piggott, a late eighteenth century pioneer, settled in Cahokia and established a ferry operation, providing passage to St. Louis for travelers on the Illinois side of the Mississippi River. The works built under the 41/2-foot channel project embody these national movements and local efforts. The miller's fear, he said, "is another waterpower that might result incidentally from our effort to get Boats to the Falls of St. Anthony.75, Minneapolis navigation boosters clearly saw that Meeker's project would extend navigation above St. Paul, which was their primary reason for supporting it. David A. Lanegran and Anne Mosher-Sheridan, The European Settlement of the Upper Mississippi River Valley: Cairo, Illinois, to Lake Itasca, Minnesota1540 to 1860, in John S. Wozniak ed., Historic Lifestyles in the Upper Mississippi River Valley, (New York: University Press of America, 1983), pp. Annual Report, 1891, p. 2154; Mackenzie, Annual Report, 1890, p. 2034, reported that the Corps had completed several examinations of the area over the last year, in company with the Minneapolis representatives of the river interests.. George Byron Merrick captures well the perils of sailing the natural river. Hill, Out With the Fleet, p. 291. By authorizing the 41/2-foot channel project, Congress directed the Corps to remake the upper Mississippi. Overcoming squabbles over Enigma, American and British forces sunk dozens of enemy subs. Annual Reports, 1867, pp. 67-68; Duties for the middle Mississippi stayed with the Office of Western Improvements in Cincinnati until 1873, when St. Louis became the new office for the middle river; see Dobney, River Engineers, pp. Following through on the 1894 act, Congress provided for the construction of Lock and Dam 1 in the River and Harbor Act of March 3, 1899. Before the Civil War, Congress authorized minor improvements for the upper Mississippi River but no work for the river above Hastings. From this time forward, the Corps' role in the river would become as deep and broad as the river itself. Those that bowed in and out of the water they labeled preachers. A bad bar could sever St. Pauls and Hastings connection with St. Louis, the Gulf of Mexico and the world.14 Normally, during the late summer or early fall, the river began falling and would enter the stage steamboat pilots and Corps engineers called low water. In 1805, President Thomas Jefferson sent a young army Lieutenant, Zebulon Pike, into the area to find a suitable site to build a military outpost. Finally, and recognizing the emerging power of railroads, the state asserted that the river is now and ever will be and remain the great regulator and moderator of fares and freights among the rival carriers of the commerce of the west. Referring to the Civil War, the state implored Congress to recollect with what haste and facility the various railroad lines combined to increase the cost of travel, and double, and in some instances triple and quadruple, the cost of transporting the produce of the west during the late non-intercourse measures in the Lower Mississippi. The river would bind the country together again.77. If lucky, they avoided hogging the boat; that is, warping or breaking its hull.24. Few boats plied the river above Galena. George Byron Merrick captures well the perils of sailing the natural river. By a 4-foot channel, Congress meant a channel at least 4 feet deep if the river fell as low as it did in 1864. Steamboat traffic grew quickly after 1823. Millers at St. Anthony Falls especially pushed for reservoirs above the falls. 310-11. In 1869, a tunnel from the toe of the falls to Nicollet Island collapsed just below the island. Kane jumps to the construction of Lock and Dam 2, without discussing who made the final push for the project. Led by Ignatius Donnelly, Grange supporters had organized the People's Anti-Monopoly party, with a platform striking at monopolies, advocating state railroad controls, and denouncing postwar corruption. The Mississippi River facilitated this growth in two ways. The image below shows a very well organized squall line to the west of the Mississippi River. The Windom Committee Spurred by the Granger movement and navigation conventionspartly out of fear and partly out of a genuine concern to help farmers and businessesMinnesota Senator William Windom asked the Senate to establish a committee to examine the transportation problem and recommend solutions to it. The Mississippi River gave birth to most cities along its banks, and those cities did all they could to ensure that the river would nurture their growth. Seller assumes all responsibility for this listing . Despite the growing menace of the railroads, river traffic remained strong.38. At Dibbles Point, the shoreline had eroded 15 to 20 feet in one year due to a wing dam built at Prescott Island, near Prescott.67 To protect shores from naturally eroding or from being undercut by the constricted channel, the Corps protected hundreds of miles of shoreline with brush mats and rock. Saint Paul During the frontier era, settlers used old animal and Indian trails, fording most streams or building crude rafts to cross larger rivers. Hillhouse reported that the Caffreys work had included 1,600 feet of wing dams. 58, Survey of Upper Mississippi River, p. 25. As early as 1850, Minneapolis business and civic leaders had tried to convince shippers that steamboats could reach the falls. The number of islands, of course, varied with the season and the year, as many islands were temporary. I could even smell the delightfully blended odor of the willows and of the creosoted marline twine with which the bundles were held together. Xcel Energy and CapX2020 partners navigate the permitting and construction of a significant river crossing. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. The XV Corps commander argued that Porters gunboats and transports could not run past Vicksburgs batteries. Contrary to most histories that follow Dixon, A Traffic History, p. 48, in saying that there were thirteen bridges across the Mississippi River by 1880, Patrick Brunet, The Corps of Engineers and Navigation Improvements on the Channel of Upper Mississippi River to 1939, Masters Thesis, (Austin, University of Texas, 1977), p. 46, says that there were fourteen bridges across the river by 1877, and he lists them. A newly completed lock and dam and another one under construction promised to make Minneapolis the head of navigation. To get off, pilots sometimes used spars, long wood poles on which the front and back of the boats would be alternately jacked up and pushed forward. . He evidently was a cattle herder in Mississippi, with many vouchers for his work. 15T E 635413 N 4489267. Tributaries like the Ohio and Missouri join the journey that starts at the top and finishes at the bottom of the country. 44-45. . He estimated that Lock and Dam 1 would cost $568,222 and that Lock and Dam 2 would cost $598,235. Some easterners came to take the fashionable tour. Arriving in St. Louis or at other railheads on the river's east bank, these excursionists traveled upstream, sometimes to St. Anthony Falls, imbibing the river's beauty (see the above references). . But, less than one month later, the steamboat Effie Afton ran into the wooden structure, sinking the boat and heavily damaging the railway bridge (see pic below). And in a speech before the Senate, he asserted that it was an admitted fact that present transportation facilities between the interior and the seaboard were totally inadequate. These transportation networks, he charged, were controlled by powerful monopolies who dictate their own terms to the people. He moved on to represent Minnesota in the U.S. House for 6 years as a Republican. The seizure of the mighty stream had been a major component of Federal strategy since the wars earliest weeks. It drew national Senators and Representatives from 22 states and the governors of Minnesota, Ohio, Kansas, Missouri, and Virginia. I expect to get through it successfully however.. If the company failed to do so, the state threatened to rescind the grant and issue it to another company. Upstream from Vicksburg, the river bent north in a broad loop before turning south again, forming a peninsula opposite the city. 58, pp. Sandbars determined the river's overall navigability. It did so twice that year. Those that swayed back and forth with the current they called sawyers. First, the "Stars and Stripes" flag . Echoing the beliefs of their counterparts downstream, Minneapolis boosters pointed to the divine purpose of their project. As Anti-Monopoly parties threatened to undermine the Republican party's dominance in the state and nationally, Windom and other Republicans began working for railroad reform and began seeking ways to solve the farm crisis.54, As chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Transportation to the Seaboard, Windom was in an especially good position to help both farmers and his party. 11, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909), pp. For physical reasons, a single lock and dam must lie entirely within the limits of Minneapolis, or entirely within the limits of St. Paul. The 1993 image was captured slightly after the peak water levels in this part of the Mississippi River. Nick seems somewhat disappointed in the Mississippi's appearance, although happy that he has seen the great American river. Date Posted: 9/18/2012 1:45:33 PM. Rafting companies and steamboat interests had employed wing dams to scour the channel at troublesome bars. The endeavor would be difficult and risky, requiring Rear Adm. David Dixon Porters fleet to pass by Vicksburgs heavy guns. Sawmill owners also feared that they would not be able to continue dumping sawdust into the river, as it would obstruct navigation, and boom company operators did not want a dam obstructing the lumber rafts they sent downriver. Leisurely the vessel glides along, allowing time to gaze at length on the grandeur and natural. Dewey was lured to Cassville by its promise as the potential capital of the Wisconsin Territory. Wing dams especially caused bank erosion by forcing the river away from one shore and against the other. The existing Rock River bridges include three federal, one state, and one local crossings. Trees filled and enshrouded it. Wing and closing dam construction began at Pike Island at the mouth of the Minnesota River. No. In 1867, they held, according to one historian, the most important navigation improvement convention before 1873. With river traffic failing and railroads monopolizing the regions transportation, many farmers and business interests believed they were facing a shipping crisis. Kane, Rivalry, pp. The 2,340 miles of the Mississippi River are entirely within the . Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. Snags skewered the careless and even the cautious steamboat. Connected with this matter is a secret history, upon which I proceed as discreetly as may be to cast a little light. Lock and Dam 2 (the Meeker Island Lock and Dam) could then be placed about 2.9 miles upstream, below Meeker Island, and would have a lift of 13.8 feet. The Mississippi River is the second longest river in North America measuring a total length of 2320 miles from its traditional source at Lake Itasca. Jul 1850 LYMAN, Joseph S.; m2. Their effort resulted in one of the most mysterious and ill-fated projects on the upper river. Note, the other route was down the Tennessee to the Ohio then down the Mississippi to the Natchez area. Petersen, Steamboating, p. 298, also recognizes the railroad at Rock Island as the first to reach the river. must break bulk and be carried in wagons to their destination. A lock and dam, the state contended, would extend navigation to its natural and proper terminus.76. At Lock and Dam 1, the Engineers had begun constructing the lock.92 Few, if any, spectators watching the Itura paddle through Lock 2 imagined that the new facility would be destroyed within 5 years. Accepting Mackenzies arguments and under continual pressure by navigation proponents in Minneapolis, Congress authorized the Five-Foot Project in Aid of Navigation, in the River and Harbor Act of August 18, 1894. It runs through ten states, and many people today just see the Mississippi River as a bunch of water. The river pioneers once forded with their wagons and livestock no longer existed. Before 1906, the important problem of the arrangement was largely left to the judgment of local engineers. Crossing the Mississippi River, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 20,655 views Nov 24, 2015 77 Dislike Share Save Josh Huffines 578 subscribers Eastbound on I-10 crossing the Mississippi River in. By the fall of 1906 the Engineers had completed most of Lock and Dam 2, and on May 19, 1907, the Itura became the first steamboat to pass through the lock (Figure 11). By Staff Writer Last Updated April 06, 2020. Railroads have got enough for the present. Where steamboat pilots followed the deepest channel, as it hugged one shore or the other, leaning trees might sweep poorly placed cargo or an unwary passenger from a steamboat's deck. It had been nearly two years since Confederate forces had closed the Mississippi River to Union shipping. . Port Gibson has a nice little downtown area and town square which features the Claiborne County courthouse. Ahead of him lay the capital at Jackson, and then Vicksburg. Here, the Northern Light, one of the largest steamers on the upper river, passed them just after sundown. 196-97, 199; Tweet, History of Transportation, 38-39. To prove their point, they paid the steamer Lamartine $200 to journey from St. Paul to the cataract. The first enslaved Africans brought to the colony during the John Law Company period (1717-1731) were housed directly across from the settlement on the West Bank in what is now Algiers Point. Another in September 1862 mentions 720 cattle crossed at Natchez and . Pilots, Merrick recounted, had to study the nightmares first. Ten sheets formed a continuous map of the river from St. Anthony Falls to the mouth of the St. Croix River. The next day, the Federals swept aside a Confederate force at Port Gibson, ensuring a firm Union foothold on the Mississippi Rivers eastern bank. Grant rejected any idea of a retreat. From St. Anthony Falls to downtown St. Paul, some 15 river miles, the river falls more than 100 feet. Cassville's first ferry, a 40-foot rowboat, crossed the Mississippi River in 1833. The Granger Movement As railroads spread throughout the upper Mississippi River valley and the Midwest, they began monopolizing the shipping of bulk commodities, especially grain. Background on the Crossing Strategy To examine Quad Cities crossing needs, a study was conducted between 1996 and 1998 that culminated in the identification of three crossing improvements in the . In 1836, the ferry carried a 23-year-old New Yorker named Nelson Dewey across the river. After the war, he settled in New York. As Mackenzie anticipated, Congress, under pressure from Minneapolis to do something, provided $50,000 to the Corps to remove boulders, which the Engineers did during the summer of 1890 and in 1891. The Crossing connects West Memphis to downtown Memphis. House Ex. As cited in U. S. Congress, House, Letter from the Secretary of War, Transmitting, with a Letter from the Chief of Engineers, Report of Estimate for Six-Foot Channel in the Mississippi River between the Missouri River and St. Paul, Minn., 59th Cong., 2nd sess., H. Doc. All demanded the federal presence, the federal expertise and the federal dollars. They also demanded a navigable river so they could deliver the bounty of their labor and their new land to the country and the world. Shortly after the glaciers withdrew from southern Minnesota some 10,000 years ago, St. Anthony Falls stretched across the river valley near downtown St. Paul. They would have to eliminate the wide shallows and sandbars and the thou- sands of little pools that Warren had once sought to preserve. m., over which the annual rainfall averages . Construction of the five-and-a-half-mile, six-lane bridge cost fifty-seven million dollars. In 1976, repairs were made to the west abutment and four piers on the west side of the bridge. For months he had studied them, conferred with subordinates, undertaken personal reconnaissances and endured failures. It came at the insistence of the states, farmers, business interests and the general public. On the Mississippis west bank, Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand marched his XIII Corps and two divisions from Maj. Gen. James B. McPhersons XVII Corps south to Hard Times, La., opposite Grand Gulf, the planned crossing point. The total cost of the bridge was $6.8 million (City of Clinton Bridge Commission 1956:2). No. By narrowing the river and thereby increasing the main channel's velocity, the Corps hoped to scour one uninterrupted navigation channel the length of the upper river.63 Wing dams, closing dams and shore protection required two simple components: willow saplings and rock. U.S. Congress, House, Laws of the United States Relating to the Improvement of Rivers and Harbors, vol. The lock and dam project hopelessly mired, the Corps, during its 1890 survey, evaluated removing boulders and rocks to encourage navigation.88 Major Alexander Mackenzie, the Rock Island District commander who had taken over this part of the river with the change in funding in 1888, suspected that Congress might authorize the Corps to remove the boulders in lieu of building locks and dams, even though it had authorized $25,000 to plan for a lock and dam in 1873. ft. to 550,000 cub. Meeker, Kane says, retained some shares of the company for himself, as did his friends. 123-24. But in 1862, he left the river to fight in the Civil War. On the early part of the journey, before they reached the Mississippi river, they bought four oxen trying to find a pair that was matched and would work together on the long haul to Oregon. From the quarterboats you could hear the big rocks hitting each other, like a rapid-fire rage. . How the Mississippi River Made Mark Twain And Vice Versa No novelist captured the muddy waterway and its people like the creator of Huckleberry Finn, as a journey along the river makes clear. Direct communication, they pleaded, is both natural and necessary, and the all-beneficent Creator has graciously anticipated the wants and necessities of unborn millions in having given us exactly such a continuous means of supply and exchange from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf of Mexico. The petition even cited editorials from the St. Paul papers stressing the importance of Minneapolis to the region's economy. Major General Ulysses S. Grant stood over maps searching for answers. Annual Report, 1875, p. 302. St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers. Rocks and rapids were a greater problem for steamboats trying to ply the river above St. Paul. He also sold boat-stores and groceries to the steamboats that stopped at the levee. The burdens they impose upon both consumer and producer are too grievous to be long endured.55 On March 26, 1873, responding to Windom, the Grange and the transportation crisis, the Senate directed Windoms committee to study the problem.56, On April 24, 1874, Windoms committee submitted its report to the Senate. In his next report, Warren had suggested a system of 41 reservoirs for the St. Croix, Chippewa, Wisconsin and Mississippi River basins. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. Walter Havighurst, Upper Mississippi, A Wilderness Saga, (New York: Farrar & Rinehart; New York: J. J. The 4-foot project did not greatly alter the river's physical or ecological character and did not improve the river much for navigation, but it initiated a series of navigation projects that would do both. He does not provide a location for this work and there is no mention of it in later reports, however. . Map of A map of the United States between 1840 and 1850 showing the states and territories, and the principal routes of transportation and westward migration during the period. During low water, no continuous channel existed. While some arrived by way of the Great Lakes, many settlers entering Iowa, Minnesota and western Wisconsin made part of their journey on the upper river.6 Historian Roald Tweet contends that, The number of immigrants boarding boats at St. Louis and traveling upriver to St. Paul dwarfed the 1849 gold rush to California and Oregon.7 More than one million passengers arrived at or left from St. Louis in 1855 alone.8 As a result, the population of the four upper river states above Missouri ballooned between 1850 and 1860. Enough said. St. Louis merchants were among the Mississippi River's greatest advocates. Three of those nightmaresthe sandbars at Prescott, Grey Cloud, and Pig's Eyereceived special note in Merricks history. This time I have to overcome obstacles to reach him., When Grant finally presented his plan to his senior officers, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman voiced opposition to it. Hundreds of miles of riverbank had been secured with riprap. Major Francis R. Shunk to Minneapolis Mayor J. C. Haynes, February 17, 1909. As it had learned more about the upper Mississippi River, the Corps had recognized the futility of keeping the river navigable by dredging.61 In 1874, when the Montana could not dredge due to high water, the Engineers refitted it with a pile driver and went to Pig's Eye Island, five miles below St. Paul (Figure 8). Annual Report 1872, p. 310. Raymond Merritt, Creativity, Conflict & Controversy: A History of the St. Paul District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979); Roald Tweet, A History of Rock Island District, (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984), pp. To create a 4-foot channel and deal with the Rock Island and Des Moines Rapids, the Corps established its first offices on the upper Mississippi River: one at St. Paul and one at Keokuk, Iowa (the latter would be moved to Rock Island in 1869).28 On July 31, 1866, A. The Confederates hammered the fleet, preventing a crossing. Behind the bar lay a deep pool of water. After months of frustration, criticism and failure, Grant had executed a brilliant maneuver. 229-42), Barns addresses three issues concerning Kelley. The remaining maps focused on problem reaches or detailed the river near a specific town.32 From these maps and from what he would learn about early navigation improvements, Warren began planning the 4-foot channel project. Farmers created third parties in states throughout the country during the mid-1870s, winning significant elections and threatening the established order. Doc. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. 148, 151-52, 155; Schonberger, Transportation to the Seaboard, pp. The Confederates hammered the fleet, preventing a crossing. There are two locks.93 Minneapolis had somehow won the debate over building one or two dams. The states, farmers, business interests and the thou- sands of little pools that Warren had sought... Forcing the river falls more than 100 feet 1,600 feet of wing dams especially bank. Project embody these national movements and local efforts, business interests and the sands! 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